Keep routine vaccines updated (MMR, DTP, Polio, Influenza, COVID‑19). Hepatitis A/B are recommended, Typhoid only for rural stays. Rabies only for high‑risk animal contact. No yellow fever or malaria, but West Nile virus exists, so use repellent. Tap water is safe, but be cautious on islands. Practice good food hygiene.
Disease
Transmission
Vaccine Exists?
WHO Advice
Measles (MMR)
Airborne droplets
Full vaccination
Hepatitis A
Food & water
Vaccination recommended
Hepatitis B
Blood, sexual contact
Full vaccination
Rabies
Animal bites
Only for high-risk activities
Influenza
Airborne droplets
Annual shot recommended
Tiphoid
Food & water
Not routinely recommended
Tick-borne diseases
Tick bites
Low risk; preventive measures in rural areas
West Nile Virus
Mosquito bites
Use repellent; seasonal risk (summer)
Foodborne Illnesses
Food & water
Tap water generally safe; caution on islands
COVID-19
Airborne droplets
Follow local guidance
Disease
Transmis.
Vaccine Exists?
WHO Advice
Measles (MMR)
Airborne droplets
Full vacci-nation
Hepatitis A
Food & water
Vaccine recom.
Hepatitis B
Blood, sexual contact
Full vacci-nation
Rabies
Animal bites
High-risk activities
Influenza
Airborne droplets
Annual shot recom.
Tiphoid
Food & water
Not routinely recom.
Tick-borne diseases
Tick
bites
Low risk ; use repellent
West Nile Virus
Mosquito bites
Use repellent ; summer
Food-borne Illnesses
Food & water
Tap water generally safe; caution on islands
COVID-19
Airborne droplets
Follow local guidance